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The Society of the Muslim Brothers ((アラビア語:جماعة الإخوان المسلمين)), shortened to the Muslim Brotherhood ( '), is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian State in the Balance of Democracy )〕 The organisation gained supporters throughout the Arab world and influenced other Islamist groups such as Hamas with its "model of political activism combined with Islamic charity work", and in 2012 sponsored the first democratically elected political party in Egypt. However, it suffered from periodic government crackdowns for alleged terrorist activities, and as of 2015 is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bahrain News Agency - Bahrain backs Saudi Arabia, UAE, Foreign Minister says )〕 Egypt, Russia, Syria, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Resolution of the State Duma, 2 December 2003 N 3624-III GD "on the Application of the State Duma of the Russian Federation" on the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Saudi Arabia declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group' )〕 The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and Sunnah as the "sole reference point for ... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community ... and state." Its mottos include "Believers are but Brothers", "Islam is the Solution", and "Allah is our objective; the Qur'an is the Constitution; the Prophet is our leader; jihad is our way; death for the sake of Allah is our wish."〔Helbawy, K., (2009) ''The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt: Historical Evolution and Future Prospects'', p.65〕〔Ikwanonline, 2013〕 It is financed by members, who are required to allocate a portion of their income to the movement, and was for many years financed by Saudi Arabia, with whom it shared some enemies and some points of doctrine.〔 As a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, it preached Islam, taught the illiterate, set up hospitals and business enterprises. The group spread to other Muslim countries but has its largest, or one of its largest, organizations in Egypt despite a succession of government crackdowns in 1948,〔Bruce Rutherford, ''Egypt After Mubarak'' (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008), 99〕〔Hallett, Robin. ''Africa Since 1875''. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press (1974), p. 138.〕 1954, 1965, and 2013 after plots, or alleged plots, of assassination and overthrow were uncovered.〔("'Shariah in Egypt is enough for us,' Muslim Brotherhood leader says" ). ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 23 May 2011〕〔''Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution'' by John R. Bradley, (Palgrave MacMillan, 2008), p.49〕〔(Egypt ) global security.org〕 Over the years it also developed branches in other Muslim countries. The Arab Spring brought it legalisation and substantial political power at first, but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was legalized in 2011 and won several elections, including the 2012 presidential election when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first democratically elected president. One year later, however, following massive demonstrations, anger at perceived discrimination and disenfranchisement against religious minorities, and anger at repressive religious policies, Morsi was overthrown by the military and arrested. As of 2014, the organization has been declared a terrorist group both in Egypt and by its erstwhile ally Saudi Arabia, and is once again suffering a severe crackdown in Egypt as well as pressure in other Arab countries.〔 The Brotherhood itself claims it is a peaceful, democratic organization,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Muslim Brotherhood Rejects Al-Sisi As True Tyrant; Vows to Continue Peaceful Protest Action - Ikhwanweb )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pro-Democracy National Alliance Vows Escalated Peaceful Protests Across Egypt - Ikhwanweb )〕 and its leader "condemns violence and violent acts".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Muslim Brotherhood Leader Badie Reiterates: Group Denounces Violence - Ikhwanweb )〕 ==Beliefs== The Brotherhood's English language website describes the principles of the Muslim Brotherhood as including firstly the introduction of the Islamic Sharia as "the basis for controlling the affairs of state and society" and secondly, work to unify "Islamic countries and states, mainly among the Arab states, and liberating them from foreign imperialism". According to a spokesman, the Muslim Brotherhood believe in reform, democracy, freedom of assembly, press, etc. We believe that the political reform is the true and natural gateway for all other kinds of reform. We have announced our acceptance of democracy that acknowledges political pluralism, the peaceful rotation of power and the fact that the nation is the source of all powers. As we see it, political reform includes the termination of the state of emergency, restoring public freedoms, including the right to establish political parties, whatever their tendencies may be, and the freedom of the press, freedom of criticism and thought, freedom of peaceful demonstrations, freedom of assembly, etc. It also includes the dismantling of all exceptional courts and the annulment of all exceptional laws, establishing the independence of the judiciary, enabling the judiciary to fully and truly supervise general elections so as to ensure that they authentically express people's will, removing all obstacles that restrict the functioning of civil society organizations, etc.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=interview w/Dr. Mohamed El-Sayed Habib )〕 Its founder, Hassan Al-Banna, was influenced by Islamic modernist reformers Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida (attacking the ''taqlid'' of the official ''`ulama'', insisting that only the Quran and the best-attested ''ahadith'' should be sources of the ''Sharia''〔), with the group structure and approach being influenced by Sufism.〔Paulo G. Pinto, "Sufism and the religious debate in Syria." Taken from ''Public Islam and the Common Good'', pg. 184. Volume 95 of Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia. Eds. Armando Salvatore and Dale F. Eickelman. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2004. ISBN 9789004136212〕〔Carl W. Ernst, ''Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World'', pg. 180. Part of the Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks series. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. ISBN 9780807875803〕 As Islamic Modernist beliefs were co-opted by secularist rulers and official ''`ulama'', the Brotherhood has become traditionalist and conservative, "being the only available outlet for those whose religious and cultural sensibilities had been outraged by the impact of Westernisation". Al-Banna believed the Quran and Sunnah constitute a perfect way of life and social and political organization that God has set out for man. Islamic governments must be based on this system and eventually unified in a Caliphate. The Muslim Brotherhood's goal, as stated by its founder al-Banna was to drive out British colonial and other Western influences, reclaim Islam's manifest destiny—an empire, stretching from Spain to Indonesia.〔Davidson, Lawrence (1998) ''Islamic Fundamentalism'' Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., ISBN 0-313-29978-1 pp. 97–98;〕 The Brotherhood preaches that Islam will bring social justice, the eradication of poverty, corruption and sinful behavior, political freedom (to the extent allowed by the laws of Islam). On the issue of women and gender the Muslim Brotherhood interprets Islam conservatively. Its founder called for "a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behavior", "segregation of male and female students", a separate curriculum for girls, and "the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes ... "〔"Toward the Light" in ''Five Tracts of Hasan Al-Banna'', trans. by Charles Wendell (Berkeley, 1978), ISBN 0-520-09584-7 pp. 126f.〕 The Muslim Brotherhood position on political participation varied according to the "domestic situation" of each branch, rather than ideology. For many years its stance was "collaborationist" in Kuwait and Jordan; for "pacific opposition" in Egypt; "armed opposition" in Libya and Syria. The Muslim Brotherhood is a movement, not a political party, but members have created political parties in several countries, such as the Islamic Action Front in Jordan and Hamas in Gaza and the West Bank and the now disbanded Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members but kept independent from the Muslim Brotherhood to some degree, unlike Hizb ut-Tahrir which is highly centralized.〔''The Future of Political Islam,'' Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 138.〕 There have been breakaway groups from the movement, including the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and Al Takfir Wal Hijra.〔(The Salafist Movement ), ''Frontline (PBS)''〕 Prominent figures of the Brotherhood include Sayyid Qutb, a highly influential extremist and anti-Semitic thinker of Islamic supremacism, and the author of ''Milestones''.〔 *〕 Osama bin Laden criticized the Brotherhood, and accused it of betraying jihad and the ideals of Qutb.〔("Muslim Brotherhood vs Al Qaeda" ) 19 January 2010〕〔("MB Chief Criticism" 30 December 2007 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muslim Brotherhood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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